A 400 fJ per-cycle frequency reference for internet of things

This work presents an ultra-low power oscillator designed to target different contexts, such as crystal-assisted timekeeping, reference oscillator to optimize the always on domain of a microcontroller or wake-up timer. This oscillator enables ultralow power operation in 0.18 μm CMOS technology; the core oscillator consumes 2.5 nW at room temperature, with a temperature stability of 14 ppm/°C [-40°C - 60°C] and 0.07 %/V supply sensitivity.